shifting information patterns. I don't believe that they can be reduced to spirals, lines, and dots.
 What I see isn't like that. It's more as though you had a holographic hyperspatial radio,
 and you just tuned down the dial, and here's a desert world in a triple star system,
 and here is a city somewhere inhabited by insectile creatures with a machine symbiosis.
 Here is something else, and it's just flipping by. I would prefer to believe that the human
 imagination is the holographic organ of the human body, and that we don't imagine anything.
 We simply see things so far away that there is no possibility of validating or invalidating
 their existence. One more. [audience question]
 Now, I think it certainly has a profound and lasting effect. The very brevity of it serves
 to convince you that it isn't a drug at all, but that it's carried you into another dimension
 and back again, and that alone is something to ponder. Well, I thank you for your attention.
 I was at a meeting last year when Dr. Hoffman came, and his opening sentence was,
 "You expected the shame, and you're going to get a chemist."
 When I was first asked by Dr. Gordon McCutcheon to come here tonight and talk about whatever I
 wanted to do, my first impression, as long as I allowed my first impression, was to decline.
 After all, I am a student of chemistry and of pharmacology, and not really a student of
 philosophy and religion, and I felt I had probably contributed as much as I could last year when I
 took chalk to blackboard and drew hexagons and tryptamine rings and gave my impression of what
 on a molecule caused it to do what. But my wife intervened. "Why not tell them just why you do
 what you do?" It got me lost into an interesting question. I never had actually spoken to myself
 and said, "Why do you do what you do?" The flip in the answer is always at hand. Well, one does it
 because it's there to be done. It's a Mount Everest routine. I climb the mountain because it's there to
 be climbed. But that is, of course, not the reason I do the research I do. Whenever this question
 would come up in a seminar or during a panel discussion, I'd place special emphasis on the
 word "psychotomymatic." The word has been used quite a bit today, a term that is usually used
 by the scientific community when they wish to speak about the psychedelic drugs. The term
 "psychedelic" does not find a good audience in the psychiatric or in the chemical or in the
 medical literature. It carries a meta-message of drug use, drug encouragement, drug proselytizing,
 and as a result, the word is not often encountered. In its origin, as was pointed out, it comes from
 "psychoto," meaning in essence "psychosis," and "mimesis," meaning "imitation of." This, indeed,
 is a term that very early in the work in this area, had been given these materials because they
 had been cast in the role of causing syndrome, causing symptoms that would reflect the character
 of mental illness. It's felt by studying the effects of these materials in normal subjects,
 you might be able to glean some insight as to the mechanisms or at least the descriptions and
 definitions of this syndrome when seen in people who are spontaneously ill.
 This explanation, the search for new "psychotomimetics," for materials that would
 be more exact in the definition of "psychosis," is completely logical in that all the hallucinogenics,
 most of the hallucinogenics, the psychedelics that are known, can be classified into materials that
 are indoles, and there are many in this area, the tryptamines, the more convoluted carbolines,
 LSD as an ergot-type indole, or it can be classified as phenethylamines, and there are
 perhaps some three or four score that are in this classification, the analogs of mesclun compound
 has been mentioned several times, or the substitution of variants of mesclun, or the
 alpha-methyl compounds that have given rise to materials that are lumped chemically together as
 the amphetamines. And there are two principal neurotransmitters in the brain. One is an indole,
 and this is serotonin. One is a phenethylamine, mainly dopamine. And it's very desirable from the
 point of the neurochemist to find pigeonholes that can classify things. Here we have a group of
 psychedelics that are all indoles, and we have a neurotransmitter that's indolic, serotonin. Here's
 a group that are all phenethylamines, and we have a neurotransmitter that's a phenethylamine. All we
 have to do is understand why all of these work here and all of those work there, and we should
 now know how the neurotransmitters work in the brain. Unless we know that, we'll be able to cure
 mental illness. Well, it's an appealing, and it has not been a particularly rewarding
 classification. And the explanation, besides being logical, is quite safe, because it's an
 unthreatening explanation. It's easily accepted by the academic and administrative community.
 But the explanation is still not the explanation of why I do what I do.
 My work is indeed dedicated to the development of tools, but tools for quite a different purpose.
 And here is where I want to get quite a way from chemistry and into some of my own
 personal thoughts. I'd like to lay a little background to establish a framework for these
 tools, and in part to define them, and in part to give emphasis to an urgency that I really feel
 associated with them. First, I am a very firm believer in the reality of a balance in all aspects
 of the human theater. When there seems to be a development of move that away, somehow,
 very shortly, or almost in concert, there is a move this away that keeps things in some delicate
 balance. If there must be a dichotomization of concepts into good and evil, then all good
 seems to contain its unexpressed evil, and all evil is unexpressed good. Within the human mind,
 there coexists the eros, the life-loving, the self-perpetrating force, with the thanatos,
 the self-destructive death wish. Both are present in each of us, but are usually separated by a
 very difficult wall, a very difficult to penetrate wall, the unconscious. One definition of the tools
 I seek is that they may allow words of a vocabulary, a vocabulary which might allow each human being to
 more consciously and more clearly communicate with the interior of his own mind and psyche.
 This may be called a vocabulary of awareness. A person who becomes increasingly aware of,
 and so begins to acknowledge, the existence of the two opposite contributors to his motives and
 decisions may begin to make choices which are knowledgeable. And the learning process that
 follows such choices is a path that leads to wisdom. But just as there is a balance within
 the mind that needs establishment, there is an interesting record of balances of the same sort
 in society. Just look for a few minutes at some of the coincidences that have kept our human race in
 a rather precarious balance. Throughout the early centuries of the current millennium,
 there were carried out some of the most viciously inhuman wars that were known to man,
 all in the name of the forces of religion and the horrors of the Inquisition, with its lethal
 intolerance of heresy. And yet it was during these dark years that the structure of alchemy was
 established, not to change base metals into noble ones, as is often thought, but to acquire knowledge
 through the study of matter. The work of the alchemist extended up to the age of enlightenment,
 with the urges of rationalism and asceticism. And it was always directed toward the learning process.
 The reward of alchemistic effort has been simply stated as the effort to achieve the transmutation
 of base metals into gold. But as Ralph pointed out just a bit ago, this is not the actual reward.
 The value was the doing and the redoing and the redoing of the process of distillation,
 of sublimation, of condensation, of precipitation. It was a continual, ever more exact effort to
 understand these processes, that from the learning of the process, one would be able to find a unity
 between the physical and the spiritual world. It was the doing and the redoing itself that was the
 reward. The last hundred years or so, this learning process has evolved into what we call science.
 However, there has been a subtle shift in the goal, from the process itself to the results
 of the process. In this age of science, it is only the end result, the gold, that really matters.
 It is not the act of achieving, but the achievement itself that brings one the acknowledgement of his
 peers, that brings recognition from the outside world, that results in wealth and influence and
 power. These end achievements, these results, show the same dichotomy of directions which was
 so evident in the previous centuries. For years, there had been no separation of values.
 Neither direction had taken the colors of good or for evil. Still, there were incredible
 coincidences of timing. For example, in 1895, Wilhelm Conrad von Lenken observed that when
 electricity was applied to an evacuated tube containing certain gases, a nearby plate covered
 with barium, platinocyanide, emitted a visible glow. And the next year, in 1896, Antoine-Henri
 Becquerel found that these same metal-producing emanations were being emitted from uranium.
 Radioactivity had been discovered. But it was just the following year, at 11.45 a.m. on the 23rd of
 November of 1897, that Arthur Hefner consumed an alkaloid that he had isolated from the peony
 dumpling cactus, brought to the Western world by the irrepressible pharmacologist Louis Levin.
 As Hefner wrote in his notes, and this is a quotation following 150 milligrams of mescaline,
 "From time to time, dots with the most brilliant colors floated across the field of vision.
 Later on, landscapes, halls, architectural scenes also appeared."
 During the 1920s and 1930s, both worlds, that of the physical sciences involving radiation
 and that of the psychopharmacological sciences involving psychotropic materials,
 continued to develop without any clear sense of polarity, without the "mine is good and yours is
 evil" duality that was soon to come. Radioactivity and radiation were becoming the mainstays of
 medicine. X-ray photography was invaluable in diagnosis, and radium therapy was broadly used
 in treatment. Controlled and localized radiation could destroy malignant tissue, while sparing
 the host. And in the area of psychology, there were parallel developments. The theories of Freud
 and Jung were being developed into increasingly useful clinical tools and approaches to mental
 illness. And the basis of experimental psychology was laid in the pioneering studies of Pavlov.
 Another coincidence in timing, which in retrospect started a dividing of science
 onto separate paths, occurred during World War II. In the late 1942, Enrico Fermi and several
 other scientists at the University of Chicago demonstrated for the first time ever that
 nuclear fission could be achieved and could be controlled by man. The age of unlimited power
 and freedom from dependency upon our dribbling fossil reserves had begun. Just the next year,
 at 4.20 p.m. on the 19th of April, Albert Hoffman consumed a measured amount of a compound which he
 had first synthesized some five years earlier. As Hoffman subsequently reported, as a quotation
 following 250 micrograms, "After the crisis of confusion and despair, I began to enjoy
 the unprecedented colors and plays of shapes that persisted. Kaleidoscopic, fantastic images surged
 in on me, alternating, variegated, opening and closing themselves in circles and spirals."
 LSB has also been discovered. But then, still, and up until the last decade, it was the rich
 promise of the nuclear age, first with the power and potential of fission, and later with the
 virtually limitless potential of fusion energy that carried the banner and the hopes of man.
 And the area of the hallucinogenics was categorized as negative, psychosis-imitating,
 psychotomimetic. It was not until someone in the 1970s, sometime in the 1970s, that a strange and a
 fascinating and a rather frightening reversal of roles took place. The knowledge of nuclear fission
 and fusion took on a death-loving aspect, with country after country joining the fraternity
 of those skilled in the capacity for the eradication of the human experiment.
 And to have such power leads to the threat to use such power, which in time will actually lead to
 its use. But, as I said earlier, when one thing develops, there seems to spring forth a balancing,
 a compensatory counterpart. This balance can be realized with the psychedelic drugs.
 What had been simply tools for the study of psychosis at best, or for escapist self-gratification
 at worst, suddenly assumed the character of tools of enlightenment and of some form of
 transcendental communication. If man's alter ego, his thanatos, had been entrusted with
 imperpetual knowledge of how he can completely destroy himself and this extraordinary experiment,
 then some development must occur at the eros side of his psyche that will and must afford
 the learning of how to live with this perpetual knowledge. It is a communication between these
 two sides of the mind that requires an extraordinary vocabulary. Where do these words come from,
 the words of this vocabulary? All depend upon an intimate insight into the working of the human
 mind, but this can be approached in many ways. The study of religion, of meditation, of self-yielding
 provides a peace, but in my mind also tends toward a retreat, and hence a capitulation.
 The efforts to amalgamate the two sides of the mind as seen in the Tao of physics,
 and the rich findings of parallelisms between the eastern and western philosophies,
 may eventually explain all and allow some unification for the human purpose.
 But I feel, along with many others, that the efforts being invested in the technology of
 destruction does not allow sufficient time. It is possibly only with the psychedelic drugs
 that words of vocabulary can be established which might tunnel through the subconscious
 between the conflicting aspects of the mind and psyche. It is here that I feel my skill lies,
 and this is exactly why I do what I do. Where do we stand as of today? In the last handful of years,
 the forces of government and nationalism have amassed an unprecedented arsenal of destructive
 power. The power is in the current arsenals of the world, if restructured into Hiroshima-strength
 weapons, to detonate one bomb every minute, on the minute, for the next two years.
 And the rationalized need to do so is becoming manifest at a frightening pace.
 But in the last handful of years, a number of tools of communication have increased at a like
 rate. There are currently nearly 200 psychedelic drugs known and described, some touching at one,
 some at another, of the fibers that unify our minds. By learning each of the structures of
 sensory communication in turn, we might find a form of communication that would disarm our
 destructive compulsion. And indeed, what form of tools are now available to us?
 Some of the tools that are available, or rather that have been available, are the widely publicized
 drugs of psychopharmacology, such as mescleth, psilocybin, DOM, LSD. These drugs played a role
 in defining the transition between drugs as entertainment, escape, turn on, and drugs as
 instructive vehicles for learning, enlightenment, and insight, but at quite a price. They had a high
 profile at the time that the scheduled drug laws were written, and thus were made illegal and are
 not available. However, in their place, there are now many, many other materials, some more limited
 in their instructive capacity, and some perhaps even richer. And for everyone today, there will
 be 10 tomorrow. Let me describe a small sampling of the recently born materials a bit more in
 detail. These are examples, with some quotations in some instances, of experiments in which there
 have been actually definitions of some aspect of sensory teasing apart of the complex sensorium
 attack and effects that these materials can have. DIPT is an abbreviation of N,N-diaceropropyl
 cryptamine, a drug unique among the psychedelics in that it expresses a distortion in, or to an
 extent, a synthesis with the process of auditory interview. It is perhaps one of the less available
 senses to be teased apart for special study. Many of the close relatives, as you well know,
 deal with the audit, with the visual process, and in some way will change or synthesize or
 modify the visual integrity, but a rather interesting distinction between the drug-induced
 psychosis and endogenous schizophrenia is that very often in the latter, the primary sensory
 character that is affected is the auditory influence. A quotation following 20 milligrams
 of DIPT. "The telephone sounds partly underwater. Here are signs of a pitch change on radio.
 The absolute pitch down a major third. Chord on the piano sounds out of tune, quite flat.
 Music terrible, unlistenable. The other senses seem to no way affected.
 If I were deaf, I would have thought this an inactive drug."
 Several hours after ingestion of the material, this note, "Hearing normal, piano back in tune."
 MDMA or MDA is abbreviation for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.
 It's a tool of communication that has shown in recent years an extraordinary utility in opening
 communication between individuals. This has promoted its use in psychotherapy, but has
 given promise as well as a vehicle for interpersonal, intra-personal communication. This particular
 drug has been used clinically in many applications, and these today probably number in the thousands,
 and it has commanded a remarkably good record of positive results.
 A quotation following 120 milligrams. "We kept up a lively conversation, covering many interesting
 aspects of our various family relationships. The conversation was unusually insightful and free of
 defensiveness." And following a 40 milligram supplement at the two-hour point, "Gene glowed
 with energy, became very beautiful. We talked freely and openly. Every bush and plant looks
 utterly alive. I'm entranced by a large rock. As I look at its surface, I see the surface of a
 planet with mountains and valleys. Little crystals of mica are like jewels." Another material, 2C-B,
 is the abbreviation for 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethamine,
 a tool and a word of vocabulary which ties the mental process directly and constructively into
 the physical soma. The analgesic effects experienced with many, if not most, of the psychedelic drugs
 are not present with 2C-B. On the contrary, there is an increased body awareness of every kind,
 including skin sensitivity, heightened responsiveness to smells, tastes, to sexual
 stimulation. One experiences increased consciousness of physical health and energy, or, on the other
 hand, sharpened awareness of any body imbalance or discomfort. 2C-B allows rich visual imagery
 and intense eyes-closed fantasy without cluttering up the mental field with too many elaborations.
 A quotation following 20 milligrams. "Along with the awareness of the body and the ability to
 deeply enjoy the fact that one is a physical as well as a spiritual being, the experience of 2C-B
 allows exploration as far as one needs to go. There is at all times full connection with all
 parts of oneself, the emotional and the intellectual, the intuitive and the instinctual. It is a superb
 tool for learning and for growth, and 2C-B allows one to recover baseline within six to eight hours
 using a maximum dosage of 25 milligrams, usually lower in the area of 18 to 20.
 Another drug mentioned earlier, ketamine, is abbreviation for 2-orthochlorophenol-2-
 methylaminocyclohexanone, the antithesis of 2C-B, in that it effectively separates the mind and the
 body. This allows the mind a separate and constructive state apart from the physical
 groundings of the body. Although the primary clinical application of ketamine is as a dissociative
 anesthetic, an increasingly important direction of study is now being directed to the psychological
 loosening that it allows. MAL and CPM are abbreviations of the compounds that are fascinating
 analogs of mescline, namely 4-methyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine and 4-cyclopropylmethyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine,
 two compounds that activate opposite sides of the sensorium. The former provokes an intense
 visual distortion at the retinal level with consequential bizarre interpretations. The latter
 displays its effectiveness in the fantasy counterpart, seen only with the eyes closed.
 Following 65 milligrams of MAL, a quotation, within two hours intense effect, beautiful,
 diuretic, good connections between parts of myself, continual fantasy and imagery, lovely experience
 of the erotic with husband, around 12 hours excellent solid sleep with clear balanced dreams.
 Following 70 milligrams of CPM, a two-hour strong effect but no visual, wonderful locking into music,
 deep loving, erotic, very good with eyes closed, intense colorful fantasy,
 much like LSD at times, no sleep before 18 hours.
 Thus anyone should have the impression by the way that research in this area leads always to God
 and to insight and to deeper experiences and loving, let me mention an example of a compound
 called 4-TASB, which is 4-thioethyl-3-ethoxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine. Following 100 milligrams
 exposure, at about two hours pleasant and positive, peaceful feelings, very good humor.
 Later sleep impossible until early morning and then only about two hours. All next day could
 not rest or sleep, feeling of nerve endings raw and active, anxiety over heartbeat, frightening
 effects on nervous system, depression, back of neck sore from tension. My first experience of
 being able to detect what felt like continual electrical impulses between nerve endings.
 Had the impression that if I allowed the wrong sequence of images to flow in my mind,
 I might experience some sort of convulsion or might at least a kind or at least a kind of mental shock
 or sorting out. When I tried to sleep, eyes closed fantasies became intensely negative and threatening.
 I could not smooth out the nervous system, felt very vulnerable, do not repeat.
 Alpha-O-DMS is abbreviation of 5-methoxy-alpha-methyl-tryptamine, an analog of a neurotransmitter
 serotonin that has been tailored chemically to allow it to enter into the CNS, into the brain.
 There's a very potent endo psychedelic that touches closely on those areas involved with
 primal energies. Several researchers experienced dreams of catastrophic events after exploring
 this material. One researcher, however, had a dream which involved as a complete science fiction
 scenario. He found it absolutely enjoyable and is still thinking of writing it up and sending it
 into a publisher. These are only about a half a dozen or so of many scores of fascinating compounds
 that are now available for the study of this developing vocabulary. This is where we are
 at the moment. Some materials show incredible promise and some suggest caution. But what might
 we expect to emerge in the future? Let's look at the past history of other areas of psychotropic
 chemistry. A few decades ago, it was marveled at that drugs such as the opiates, including morphine
 and heroin, could have such an exacting influence on the brain's integrity. Then it became known
 that there were natural factors in the brain that had these actions and that there were specific
 sites in the brain that were pre-designed to respond to them. There were the encephalons and
 their fragmented portions known as the endorphins, which were derived from the cephalic process and
 related to morphine. These met a person's need for the suppression of pain. Perhaps there are
 psychedelics from the psychedelics and specific N-escalants from mescaline yet to be discovered
 that might relate to these communicative factors, which might be connected and eventually
 related to the natural receptor sites in the brain for transcendental communication.
 Their structures may someday be known. Their functions may someday be understood.
 There are a multitude of tenuous threads that tie together the fragile structure of the human
 spirit. The life-giving with the death-demanding side, the exalted voice with the mundane,
 the strongly centered self with the drive toward dispersion and loss of center. These all coexist
 in all of us, but there is an essential blockade between these inner worlds, which I truly feel
 can be penetrated only with the words and the tools and the understanding that may be most
 easily obtained through the area of psychedelic experiences. William Blake said in the Marriage
 of Heaven and Hell, "Man has no body distinct from his soul, for that called body is a portion
 of soul discerned by the five senses, the chief inlets of soul in this age. Energy is the only
 life and is from the body, and reason is the bound or outward circumference of energy. Energy
 is eternal delight." These are responses to a heartfelt need for some vocabulary
 to allow the establishment of a dialogue that might diffuse the accelerating mad moves toward
 extinction. My personal philosophy might well be lifted directly from Blake, "I must create a
 system or be slaved by another man." I may be wrong, but I must do what I must do, and I will do what I can.
 [Applause]


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